Observed on March 20, World Oral Health Day aims to raise awareness on the issues around oral health and the importance of oral hygiene
DR. SANDEEP LAWANDE
World Oral Health Day is celebrated every year on March 20. As declared by FDI World Dental Federation, it is an international day to celebrate the benefits of a healthy mouth.
The theme this year is ‘A Happy Mouth is… A Happy Mind’, which highlights the association between oral health and mental wellbeing.
The most common dental diseases contributing to the major burden of oral diseases in India are dental caries and periodontal diseases. With high prevalence, at least half the population of India are affected by these diseases.
Dental caries or tooth decay is primarily caused by plaque, a colourless, sticky film which gets built up on the teeth and contains different species of bacteria. Some of the plaque bacteria convert sugar and carbohydrates (starches) in the foods, so-called fermentable carbohydrates into lactic acids which dissolve mineral crystals in the enamel surface of the tooth. This results in creation of pits in the initial stages leading to demineralisation and dissolution of the enamel layer. Once the decay penetrates the protective enamel, it can enter the softer, vulnerable dentin layer and even penetrate the soft and sensitive pulp layer of the tooth.
Early caries may not have any symptoms. Later, when the decay involves deeper dentin layer, teeth may be sensitive to sweet foods or to hot or cold temperatures. If untreated, bacteria infect and damage the pulp leading to pain and swelling. Eventually, the tooth may be grossly destroyed by uncontrolled decay.
Periodontal disease or gum disease is another major cause of tooth loss. It is primarily caused by plaque (containing bacteria) built up on the teeth. If plaque is allowed to accumulate, it begins to calcify and develops into a hard coating in the form of calculus or tartar. Early symptoms may include gum swelling, bleeding gums, tenderness over the gums, and bad breath.
At this point, gums may be loose but are still attached high on the teeth. This inflammation of the gums is called gingivitis and is the first stage of gum disease. When gingivitis is left untreated, calculus slowly begins to break down the gum and bone support of the teeth, leading to formation of ‘periodontal pocket’ between teeth and gums followed by bone destruction. This advanced stage is called periodontitis. As the disease progresses, more bone gets destroyed, the teeth loosen and eventually fall out or may need to be extracted.
Periodontal disease is often ‘silent’, i.e. symptoms may not appear until advanced stage of the disease. However, warning signs of periodontal disease include the following:
• Bad breath that does not clear up with brushing and flossing
• Bleeding gums during tooth brushing, flossing or any other time
• Red, swollen or tender gums
• A gnawing feeling or feeling of itching in the gums
• Pus between gums and teeth
• Dull pain on chewing
• Food getting stuck in between the teeth
• The urge to dig a pointed instrument (matchstick, toothpick or metal pin) into the gums, resulting in bleeding
• Gums that have receded away from the teeth, sometimes exposing the roots
• Loose teeth
• Teeth sensitive to heat or cold
• Sudden appearance of spaces between teeth
• A change in the way teeth fit together on biting
• A change in the fit of partial dentures
Research studies worldwide have proven a molecular level of link between periodontal diseases and systemic conditions including such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases and also adverse pregnancy outcomes. Fortunately, both dental caries and periodontal disease are largely preventable.
Prevention is key to maintaining good oral health. Regular preventive care includes:
• Brushing teeth thoroughly twice a day using fluoridated toothpaste and preferably, a soft bristled toothbrush. Brushing and cleaning the tongue is also important.
• Massaging gums gently while tooth brushing
• Flossing or use of interdental brushes (as advised) between the teeth at least once daily
• Eating a balanced diet that limits starchy or sugary foods (fermentable carbohydrates). Also limit snacks between meals. Consumption of adequate amount of water is recommended
• Avoiding habits such as smoking and alcohol use
• Scheduling regular dental visits for checkups and professional oral hygiene maintenance at least once every six months or as advised by the dentist.
Oral health is a crucial component of general health. It can boost positivity, self-esteem, and confidence, ultimately enhancing the quality of life. Thus, a happy mouth will contribute to a happy mind.
[The writer is a senior consultant, at Goa Dental College and Hospital, Bambolim; president, Indian Dental Association (Goa State Branch), and zonal coordinator, Indian Society of Periodontology]
